Paper Of
Morpho-Syntax
CHAPTER 1
A. Background
Language consists of two aspects namely form and meaning. In relation to
meaning, the smallest meaningful unit in language is morpheme. Morpheme is
defined as the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Words are made up of
morphemes. The word teachers, for example, consists of three meaningful
units or morphemes, teach, -er, and -s. The morpheme teach
forming the word teachers has the lexical meaning; the morpheme-er means the doer of teaching;
the morpheme -s has plural meaning. We can identify the meaning of themorpheme teach
although it stands alone but we cannot identify the meaning of morphemes -er and -s in isolation.We can identify
the meaning of the morpheme -er and -s after they combinto the morpheme teach.
The morphemes which can
meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as -er and -s, which cannot meaningfully
stand alone are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes must be attached to
free morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be classified
into prefix, infix, and suffix. English only has two kinds of bound morphemes
namely prefixes and suffixes. There are not infixes in English. Bound morphemes
are classified into two namely derivational and inflectional morphemes. This
paper will discuss about derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
B. Problem Formulation
1.
What is
derivational morpheme?
2.
What are the
types of derivational morphemes?
C. Objective
Problem
1.
To know what
derivational morphemes is.
2.
To know the
types of derivational morphemes.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1. Derivational
Morpheme
A derivational
morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base. Derivational
morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create) new words by either
changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. In the word happiness,
the bound morpheme –ness creates a new word by changing both the meaning
and the part of speech. Happy is an adjective but the derived word happiness
is a noun. Some derivational morphemes create new meaning but do not change the
syntactic category or part of speech. The word unhappy, for example,
consists of the base happy and the derivational morpheme (prefix) un-.
Happy is an adjective and the derived word unhappy is also an
adjective.
In English,
derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All prefixes in English are
derivational. All prefixes in English modify the meaning although they do not
modify the syntactic category. For examples, the derivational prefix in- in
inefficient, un- in undo, re- in rewrite, dis-
in dislike and a- in amoral modify the positive meaning to
the negative meaning but do not change the syntactic category of the derived
words; efficient is an adjective and the derived word inefficient
is also an adjective; do is a verb and the derived word undo is
also a verb; write is a verb and the derived word rewrite is also
a verb; moral is an adjective and the derived word amoral is also
an adjective. All the derivational prefixes explained above have the meaning ‘not’.
Most derivational suffixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning.
Only a few of them do not change the syntactic category. The derivational
suffixes which change the syntactic category can be noun-forming suffixes,
verb-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, and adverb-forming suffixes.
2. Types of
Derivational Morphemes
The rule of
thumb to identify that the bound morphemes are derivational is the occurrence
of new meaning creation or new word creation of the derived words. In
dictionaries the derivation word is generally listed as a separate word from
its base. The new meaning or the new word which occurs in the derivation
process can be accompanied by the change of part of speech or not. In other
words some derivational morphemes, as described above, change the part of
speech and some of them do not change the part of speech. In English,
derivational morphemes can be both the prefixes and suffixes.
Based on the
fact described above, the types of English derivational morphemes can be
classified into two, derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes
a.
Derivational
Prefixes
1) Prefix un-
There are two kinds of the prefix un- in English. The first is
attached to adjectives to form new adjectives, and the second is attached to
verbs to form new verbs. The two kinds of the prefix un- do not change
the part of speech. The prefix un- attached to adjectives means ‘not’.
Fromkin (1990: 130) calls this derivation antonym or negative. Look at the
following examples of prefix un- attached to adjectives.
Prefix
Base Derived
word Meaning
(Adjective)
(Adjective)
un-
able
unable
‘not able’
un-
afraid unafraid
‘not
afraid’
un-
aware unaware
‘not aware’
un-
free
unfree
‘not free’
un-
happy
unhappy
‘not happy’
un-
important unimportant
‘not important’
un-
lucky unlucky
‘not lucky’
The prefix un- can also be
added to the adjectives of the derived words that have been formed by
morphological rules (Fromkin,1990 : 130). The examples are as follows.
Prefix
Base
Derived
word
Meaning
(Adjective)
(Adjective)
un-
acceptable
unacceptable
‘not acceptable’
un-
believable
unbelievable
‘not believable’
un-
predictable
unpredictable
‘not believable’
un-
readable unreadable
‘not readable’
un-
sinkable unsinkable
‘not sinkable’
un-
touchable untouchable
‘not touchable’
Based on the examples above the rule
of the prefix un- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {un-} +
Adjective --> a new Adjective. This rule says
that the prefix un- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective.
The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case the
prefix un- means ‘not’.
The second prefix un- joins
with verbs to form new verbs. In this case the prefix un- means ‘to do
the opposite of ’ (Hornby, 1986: 935). The following are the examples of the
prefix un- which combines with verbs:
Prefix Base Derived
word Meaning
(Verb)
(Verb)
un- bind
unbind ‘to
do the opposite of binding’
un-
cover
uncover
‘to do the opposite of covering’
un- do
undo
‘to do the opposite of doing’
un- dress undress
‘to do the opposite of dressing’
un- load
unload
‘to do the opposite of loading’
un-
lock
unlock
‘to do the opposite of locking’
From the examples above, the rule of
prefix un- attached to verbs can be stated as: {un-} + Verb --> a new Verb. This rule says that the prefix un- attached to a
verb creates a new verb. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning
namely ‘to do the opposite of’.
2) Prefix in-
The prefix in- is
the derivational bound morpheme mostly attached to adjectives. This prefix does
not change the part of speech either. The meaning of this prefix is ‘not’. Look
at the examples below:
Prefix
Base Derived
word
Meaning
(Adjective)
(Adjective)
in-
accurate
inaccurate
‘not accurate’
in-
tolerant
intolerant
‘not tolerant’
in-
efficient
inefficient
‘not efficient’
in-
expensive
inexpensive
‘not expensive’
in-
fertile
infertile
‘not fertile’
in-
formal
informal
‘not formal’
in-
legal
illegal
‘not legal’
in-
moral
immoral ‘not
moral’
in-
perfect
imperfect
‘not legal’
in-
polite
impolite
‘not polite’
in-
complete
incomplete
‘not complete’
in-
consistent
inconsistent
‘not consistent’
in-
regular
irregular
‘not regular’
in-
responsible
irresponsible
‘not responsible’
in-
relevant
irrelevant
‘not relevant’
From the examples above, the rule of
prefix in- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {in-} +
Adjective --> a new Adjective. This rule
says that the prefix in- attached to an adjective creates a new
adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning ‘not’ in the
derived word. The prefix in- attached to nouns are very rare. The
following are the examples of the prefix in- attached to nouns.
Prefix Base Derived
word Meaning
(Noun) (Noun)
in- balance
imbalance
‘absence of balance’
in- decorum indecorum
‘lack of decorum’
in- decision indecision
‘the state of being unable to decide’
3) Prefix re-
The prefix re- is
the derivational bound morpheme attached to verbs to form new verbs. The
meaning of the prefix re- is ‘again’. Look at the examples below:
Prefix
Base Derived
word
Meaning
(Verb)
(Verb)
re-
adjust
readjust
‘adjust again’
re-
arrange rearrange
‘arrange again’
re-
consider reconsider
‘consider again’
re-
construct reconstruct
‘construct again’
re-
count recount
‘count again’
re-
decorate redecorate
‘decorate again’
re-
pay repay
‘pay again’
re-
print reprint
‘print again’
re-
select reselect
‘select again’
re-
write rewrite
‘write again’
Based on the examples above, the
rule of prefix re- attached to verbs can be stated as: {re-} +
Verb --> new Verb. This rule says that the prefix re- attached to a
verb creates a new verb. The new verb as the derived word is indicated by the
change of meaning ‘again’.
4) Prefix dis-
The prefix dis- is
a derivational morpheme which can be attached to verbs to form new verbs. This
prefix has several meanings but its basic meaning is ‘not’.
Prefix
Base Derived
word
Meaning
(Verb) (Verb)
dis-
agree
disagree ‘not agree’
dis-
allow disallow ‘refuse
to allow’
dis-
appear disappear
‘be seen no more’
dis-
believe
disbelieve ‘refuse
to believe’
dis-
like dislike
‘not
like’
dis-
close disclose
‘allow to be seen’
dis-
connect disconnect
‘take
apart’
dis-
continue discontinue
‘give
up’
dis-
obey disobey
‘not
obey’
Based on the examples above, the
rule of the prefix dis- attached to verbs can be stated as:
{dis-}+ Verb --> new Verb. The new verb is indicated by the change of
meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to
the verb.
The prefix dis- can be
attached to nouns to form new nouns. The following are the examples.
Prefix
Base Derived
word Meaning
(Noun)
(Noun)
dis-
advantage disadvantage
‘unfavorable
condition’
dis-
comfort discomfort
‘absence of comfort’
dis-
harmony disharmony
‘lack of
harmony’
dis-
honor dishonor
‘absence
of honor’
Based on the examples above, the
rule of the prefix dis- attached to nouns can be stated as:
{dis-}+ Noun --> new Noun. The new noun is indicated by the change of
meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to
the noun.
The prefix dis- can also be
attached to adjectives to form new adjectives. The examples are as follows:
Prefix
Base Derived
word Meaning
(Adjective) (Adjective)
dis-
able
disable
‘make
unable to do
something’
dis-
honest dishonest
‘not honest’
dis-
similar dissimilar
‘not similar’
Based on the examples above, the
rule of the prefix dis- attached to adjectives can be stated as:
{dis-}+ Adjective --> new Adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the
change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic
meaning ‘not’ to the adjectives. The prefix dis- attached to verbs
is more productive than that attached to nouns and adjectives.
5) Prefix mis-
The prefix mis- is the derivational bound morpheme attached to verbs
to form new verbs. The new meaning created by this prefix is ‘wrong’. The
following is the list of verbs to which the prefix mis- can be attached.
Prefix
Base Derived word
Meaning
(Verb) (Verb)
mis-
direct
misdirect
‘direct wrongly’
mis-
judge
misjudge
‘judge wrongly’
mis-
match
mismatch
‘match
wrongly’
mis- quote
misquote
‘quote
wrongly’
mis- remember
misremember
‘remember wrongly’
mis- understand misunderstand
‘understand wrongly’
Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix mis- attached to
verbs can be stated as: {mis-}+ VERB --> new VERB. The new verb
is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix mis-
brings the basic meaning ‘wrong’ to the verb.
b. Derivational Suffixes
1. Noun-Forming Suffix
Noun-forming suffixes are
the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to nouns. The
following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which form nouns.
a.
Suffix –er
The suffix –er
attached to a verb in derivational morpheme which changed verbs to a noun. The
suffix creates a new meaning ‘a person who performs an action’. The following
are the examples of the suffix –erattached to verbs.
Base
Suffix
Derived word
(Verb) (Noun)
box
-er
boxer
drive
-er
driver
kill
-er
killer
paint
-er
painter
sing
-er
singer
speak
-er
speaker
teach
-er
teacher
train
-er
trainer
write
-er
writer
b.
Suffix –ment
The suffix –mentis
the derivational morphemes which can be attached to some verbs to form nouns.
This suffix brings the new meaning ‘abstract noun’. The following are the
examples of the suffix –ment attached to verbs.
Base
Suffix
Derived word
(Verb) (Noun)
agree
-ment
agreement
develop
-ment
development
argue
-ment
argument
commit
-ment
commitment
govern
-ment
government
move
-ment
movement
2. Adjective-Forming Suffixes
Adjective-forming suffixes
are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to
adjectives. The following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which
form adjectives.
a. Suffixe–able
The suffix –able is
the derivational morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this case,
the bases can be either verbs or nouns. The following are the examples:
Base
Suffix Derived
Word
(Verb)
(Adjective)
eat -able eatable
predict -able predictable
read -able readable
sink
-able unsinkable
understand -able
understandable
wash -able washable
write -able writable
Base Suffix Derived
Word
(Noun)
(Adjective)
comfort
-able comfortable
market
-able
marketable
profit -able profitable
b.
Suffix –ful
The suffix –ful
is the derivational morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this
case, the bases are nouns. The following are the examples:
Base Suffix
Derived
Word
(Noun) (Adjective)
beauty -ful beautiful
care -ful careful
use -ful useful
wonder -ful wonderful
pain
-ful painful
3. Verb-Forming Suffixes
Verb-forming suffixes are
the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to verbs. The
following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which form verbs.
a.
Suffix –en
Base Suffix
Derived
Word
(Adjective)
(Verb)
wide -en
widen
ripe
-en ripen
sharp -en sharpen
short
-en shorten
b.
Suffix –ify
The suffix –ify
is the derivational morphemes which change the base to verb. The base can be
adjective and noun. The examples are as follows:
Base Suffix
Derived
Word
(Adjective)
(Verb)
clear
-ify
clarify
pure
-ify purify
specific
-ify
specify
Base
Suffix
Derived Word
(Noun)
(Verb)
identity
-ify
identify
beauty
-ify
beautify
4. Adverb-Forming Suffixes
Adverb-forming suffixes
are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to adverbs.
The following are the examples of derivational suffixes which form adverbs.
Base Suffix
Derived
Word
(Adjective)
(Adverb)
clear
-ly
clearly
beautiful
-ly
beautifully
careful
-ly
carefully
angry
-ly
angrily
loud
-ly
loudly
slow
-ly
slowly
happy
-ly
happily
CHAPTER III
CLOSSING
CONCLUSION
A derivational morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a
base. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create) new
words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both.
Types of derivational morphemes are (1) derivational prefixes: un-, in-, re-, dis-,
mis-, pre-, a-;
(2) derivational suffixes: noun-forming
suffix (–er, –ment,
–ness,
–ion), adjective-forming suffixes (–able,
–ful, –less), verb-forming suffixes (–en, –ify, –ize), adverb-forming suffixes(-ly).
REFERENCES
Fromkin, Victoria
A. 1990. An Introduction to Language.
Sydney: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich Group
(Australia) Pty Limited.
Hornby, AS. 1986.
Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
http://my-uad-courses.blogspot.co.id/2010/09/derivational-morphemes-in-english.html
(Monday, 24December 2018, 20.00 WIB)
http://www01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ComparisonOfInflectionAnd Deriv.htm (Monday, 24
December 2018, 20.10 WIB)
https://faculty.unlv.edu/nagelhout/ENG411Bs12C/mod1concept2.html
(monday, 24 December 2018, 20.00 WIB)
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